{"id":7758,"date":"2026-11-12T07:10:36","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T07:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/?p=7758"},"modified":"2026-11-12T07:10:36","modified_gmt":"2026-11-12T07:10:36","slug":"firma-in-dificultate-financiara","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/en\/firma-in-dificultate-financiara\/","title":{"rendered":"Firma \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103: c\u00e2nd mai po\u021bi preveni insolven\u021ba?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Episodul 8 din serialul \u201eFirma, contractele \u0219i r\u0103spunderea: de la \u00eenfiin\u021bare la insolven\u021b\u0103\u201d. Actualizat la 12 noiembrie 2026.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>O <strong>firm\u0103 \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103<\/strong> \u00ee\u0219i poate pl\u0103ti \u00eenc\u0103 obliga\u021biile la scaden\u021b\u0103, dar exist\u0103 un risc real \u0219i grav ca \u00een viitor s\u0103 nu mai poat\u0103 face aceste pl\u0103\u021bi. Dac\u0103 banii disponibili sunt deja insuficien\u021bi pentru datoriile certe, lichide \u0219i exigibile, trebuie evaluat\u0103 starea de insolven\u021b\u0103. Din aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 rezult\u0103 ce proceduri ai la dispozi\u021bie \u0219i ce termene trebuie s\u0103 urm\u0103re\u0219ti.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/en\/firma-contractele-raspunderea-cuprins\/\">Contents of the series<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/en\/the-trade-register-and-the-opposability-of-corporate-changes-by-transfer-of-social-partners-publicity-and-effects-on-third-parties\/\">Episodul 7 \u2013 Cesiunea p\u0103r\u021bilor sociale la SRL<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2nd este firma \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p>Art. 5 alin. (1) pct. 26\u00b2 din Legea nr. 85\/2014 descrie o afectare temporar\u0103 a activit\u0103\u021bii care, f\u0103r\u0103 m\u0103suri adecvate, amenin\u021b\u0103 serios capacitatea viitoare de plat\u0103. De exemplu, pierderea unui client important poate l\u0103sa firma cu bani suficien\u021bi pentru pl\u0103\u021bile de acum \u0219i cu venituri prea mici pentru scaden\u021bele din lunile urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>Insolven\u021ba, definit\u0103 la art. 5 alin. (1) pct. 29, prive\u0219te fondurile b\u0103ne\u0219ti disponibile pentru plata datoriilor certe, lichide \u0219i exigibile. O datorie neachitat\u0103 dup\u0103 60 de zile de la scaden\u021b\u0103 poate declan\u0219a prezum\u021bia relativ\u0103 de insolven\u021b\u0103. Prezum\u021bia poate fi r\u0103sturnat\u0103 prin probe. Insuficien\u021ba fondurilor se poate manifesta \u0219i mai devreme, iar data apari\u021biei insolven\u021bei se stabile\u0219te \u00een func\u021bie de situa\u021bia concret\u0103. Cele 60 de zile privesc prezum\u021bia legal\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Acela\u0219i SRL, dou\u0103 situa\u021bii diferite<\/h2>\n<p>S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 un SRL de produc\u021bie pierde principalul contract. \u00cen primul scenariu, are 180.000 lei disponibili \u0219i pl\u0103\u021bi de 150.000 lei \u00een urm\u0103toarele s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni. Prognoza arat\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een dou\u0103 luni, scaden\u021bele vor dep\u0103\u0219i serios \u00eencas\u0103rile estimate. Firma \u00ee\u0219i poate pl\u0103ti obliga\u021biile actuale \u0219i are motive s\u0103 analizeze din timp m\u0103suri de redresare, inclusiv o procedur\u0103 preventiv\u0103 dac\u0103 \u00eendepline\u0219te condi\u021biile legale.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al doilea scenariu, firma are doar 10.000 lei disponibili, iar datoriile certe, lichide \u0219i deja scadente sunt de 150.000 lei. Un utilaj evaluat la 250.000 lei \u0219i o factur\u0103 cu \u00eencasare estimat\u0103 peste trei luni nu \u00eei asigur\u0103 lichidit\u0103\u021bile de ast\u0103zi. \u00cen acest caz, administratorul trebuie s\u0103 verifice imediat dac\u0103 s-a instalat insolven\u021ba, inclusiv de la ce dat\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Documentele care arat\u0103 dac\u0103 po\u021bi pl\u0103ti<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Extrasele de cont, situa\u021bia numerarului \u0219i documentele privind finan\u021b\u0103rile accesibile arat\u0103 fondurile pe care firma le poate folosi efectiv.<\/li>\n<li>Lista datoriilor pe scaden\u021be, facturile, graficele de rambursare \u0219i situa\u021bia fiscal\u0103 arat\u0103 ce trebuie pl\u0103tit \u0219i c\u00e2nd.<\/li>\n<li>Contractele, documentele de recep\u021bie \u0219i confirm\u0103rile clien\u021bilor ajut\u0103 la estimarea \u00eencas\u0103rilor. Noteaz\u0103 separat crean\u021bele contestate \u0219i cele greu de recuperat.<\/li>\n<li>Un calendar s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nal al \u00eencas\u0103rilor \u0219i pl\u0103\u021bilor arat\u0103 c\u00e2nd apare deficitul. Testeaz\u0103 \u0219i scenariul \u00een care un client important pl\u0103te\u0219te mai t\u00e2rziu dec\u00e2t a promis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bilan\u021bul \u0219i balan\u021ba contabil\u0103 completeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 analiz\u0103. Profitul contabil poate coexista cu lipsa lichidit\u0103\u021bilor, iar o pierdere contabil\u0103 poate coexista cu plata la termen a obliga\u021biilor. Pentru litigiul privind deschiderea procedurii la cererea creditorului, <a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/public\/DetaliiDocument\/272288\">Decizia CCR nr. 268\/2023, par. 16\u201319<\/a> explic\u0103 rolul \u00eenscrisurilor \u00een contesta\u021bia debitorului, \u00een cadrul art. 72 alin. (3).<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2nd po\u021bi apela la restructurare sau concordat<\/h2>\n<p>Po\u021bi \u00eencepe cu o propunere direct\u0103 c\u0103tre creditori, de exemplu o e\u0219alonare cu rate sus\u021binute de \u00eencas\u0103ri plauzibile. Consemneaz\u0103 \u00een scris ce s-a acceptat, noile scaden\u021be \u0219i consecin\u021bele \u00eent\u00e2rzierii. Simpla purtare a negocierilor las\u0103 scaden\u021bele contractuale \u0219i execut\u0103rile sub regulile aplicabile p\u00e2n\u0103 la un acord sau o m\u0103sur\u0103 legal\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Acordul de restructurare<\/strong> se preg\u0103te\u0219te cu ajutorul unui practician \u00een insolven\u021b\u0103 \u0219i se negociaz\u0103 cu creditorii ale c\u0103ror crean\u021be sunt afectate. \u00cen general, dup\u0103 vot se cere confirmarea judec\u0103torului-sindic. Art. 15\u00b9\u00b3 prevede o cale special\u0103 de avizare, cu condi\u021bii proprii, pentru debitorii eligibili al c\u0103ror acord a fost aprobat \u00een unanimitate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Concordatul preventiv<\/strong> \u00eencepe prin \u00eencheierea judec\u0103torului-sindic. Planul este elaborat \u00een procedur\u0103, supus votului \u0219i apoi omolog\u0103rii, \u00een condi\u021biile legii. Potrivit art. 25, de la deschidere, execut\u0103rile silite \u00eempotriva debitorului sunt, ca regul\u0103, suspendate sau \u00eempiedicate s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 pentru p\u00e2n\u0103 la patru luni. Suspendarea ini\u021bial\u0103 poate \u00eenceta mai devreme \u00een cazurile prev\u0103zute de lege. Judec\u0103torul poate dispune prelungiri sau o nou\u0103 suspendare pentru motive temeinice, \u00een limita total\u0103 de 12 luni de la deschidere. Executarea crean\u021belor salariale se suspend\u0103 doar dac\u0103 judec\u0103torul admite cererea \u00een condi\u021biile art. 25 alin. (3).<\/p>\n<p>Ambele proceduri cer ca debitorul s\u0103 fie \u00een dificultate \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i poat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 pl\u0103ti obliga\u021biile la scaden\u021b\u0103. Dup\u0103 Legea nr. 239\/2025, raportul prev\u0103zut la art. 6 trebuie s\u0103 explice, pe baza documentelor, \u0219i de ce debitorul nu se afl\u0103 \u00een insolven\u021b\u0103. Raportul \u0219i documentele justificative se anexeaz\u0103 acordului sau, \u00een concordat, cererii debitorului de deschidere.<\/p>\n<h2>Ce termen are debitorul dac\u0103 insolven\u021ba s-a instalat?<\/h2>\n<p>\u00cen forma actual\u0103 a art. 66 alin. (1) \u0219i (1\u00b9), debitorul depune cererea la tribunal \u00een cel mult <strong>45 de zile de la apari\u021bia insolven\u021bei<\/strong>. Organul fiscal competent se notific\u0103 cu <strong>15 zile \u00eenainte de depunerea cererii<\/strong>, iar dovada notific\u0103rii se anexeaz\u0103. De aceea, data apari\u021biei insolven\u021bei \u0219i data notific\u0103rii trebuie analizate \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 la expirarea termenului general debitorul este angajat cu bun\u0103-credin\u021b\u0103 \u00een negocieri extrajudiciare de restructurare, art. 66 alin. (2) prevede depunerea cererii \u00een cinci zile de la e\u0219ecul acestora. Alin. (3) reglementeaz\u0103 distinct cazul insolven\u021bei ap\u0103rute \u00een timpul negocierilor din concordat, c\u00e2nd exist\u0103 indicii temeinice c\u0103 se poate \u00eencheia rapid un acord extrajudiciar. Pentru procesele \u00eencepute sub legea anterioar\u0103 se verific\u0103 regula \u0219i excep\u021biile din art. XXXII al Legii nr. 239\/2025.<\/p>\n<h2>Gre\u0219eli care reduc \u0219ansele de redresare<\/h2>\n<p>A\u0219teptarea celor 60 de zile poate \u00eent\u00e2rzia m\u0103surile necesare. Tratarea unui utilaj sau a unei facturi contestate ca bani deja disponibili poate ascunde deficitul de lichiditate. Iar promisiunea unei e\u0219alon\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 un buget realist mut\u0103 problema la prima rat\u0103. Compar\u0103 periodic disponibilul cu scaden\u021bele, documenteaz\u0103 discu\u021biile \u0219i actualizeaz\u0103 estim\u0103rile \u00eenainte s\u0103 alegi o procedur\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>O singur\u0103 factur\u0103 restant\u0103 dovede\u0219te insolven\u021ba?<\/h3>\n<p>Conteaz\u0103 caracterul datoriei, scaden\u021ba \u0219i fondurile disponibile. Dup\u0103 60 de zile de la scaden\u021b\u0103 poate opera prezum\u021bia legal\u0103, care poate fi r\u0103sturnat\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Pot cere concordatul dac\u0103 firma este deja \u00een insolven\u021b\u0103?<\/h3>\n<p>Concordatul este o procedur\u0103 de prevenire, pentru debitorul aflat \u00een dificultate care \u00eendepline\u0219te condi\u021biile legale. Dac\u0103 insolven\u021ba exist\u0103 deja, analizeaz\u0103 obliga\u021biile de la art. 66.<\/p>\n<h3>Se suspend\u0103 executarea c\u00e2nd depun cererea de concordat?<\/h3>\n<p>Suspendarea de drept prev\u0103zut\u0103 de art. 25 opereaz\u0103 de la deschiderea procedurii. Pentru crean\u021bele salariale se aplic\u0103 regula special\u0103 descris\u0103 mai sus.<\/p>\n<h3>Administratorul trebuie s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 personal datoriile?<\/h3>\n<p>Datoriile r\u0103m\u00e2n ale firmei. O garan\u021bie personal\u0103 sau o ac\u021biune de atragere a r\u0103spunderii se analizeaz\u0103 pe propriul temei. Vezi <a href=\"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/en\/raspunderea-administratorului\/\">episodul despre r\u0103spunderea personal\u0103<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Repere legale.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocument\/304535\">Legea nr. 85\/2014, art. 5, 6, 15\u00b9\u201315\u00b9\u00b3, 19, 23\u201325, 28, 66 \u0219i 72<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocument\/305208\">Legea nr. 239\/2025, art. XXIX \u0219i XXXII<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru analiza scaden\u021belor \u0219i a documentelor firmei, po\u021bi solicita o consulta\u021bie la <a href=\"tel:+40732710701\">0732.710.701<\/a> or by <a href=\"https:\/\/avocatbucuresti.ro\/en\/contact-us\/\">Contact page<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Episodul 8 din serialul \u201eFirma, contractele \u0219i r\u0103spunderea: de la \u00eenfiin\u021bare la insolven\u021b\u0103\u201d. Actualizat la 12 noiembrie 2026. O firm\u0103 \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i poate pl\u0103ti \u00eenc\u0103 obliga\u021biile la scaden\u021b\u0103, dar exist\u0103 un risc real \u0219i grav ca \u00een viitor s\u0103 nu mai poat\u0103 face aceste pl\u0103\u021bi. Dac\u0103 banii disponibili sunt deja insuficien\u021bi pentru datoriile [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7760,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comercial"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Firma \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103: prevenirea insolven\u021bei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Firma \u00een dificultate financiar\u0103? 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